STUDENT NUMBER

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2009 PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PRACTICE WRITTEN EXAMINATION for VCE Units 3 & 4

This Practice Exam is NOT an official VCAA paper for the Physical Education written examination. It may take slightly longer than 2hrs to complete.

Reading Time : 15 minutes	Writing Time : 2 hours

Question and Answer Book- Structure of Book

Section	Number of questions	Number of questions to be answered	Number of Marks
A	15	15	15
B	17	17	165
Total	180

Students are permitted to bring into the examination room: pens, pencils, highlighters, erasers, sharpeners and rulers Students are not permitted to bring into the examination room: blank sheets of paper and/or white out liquid/tape No calculator is allowed in this examination STUDENTS ARE NOT PERMITTED TO BRING MOBILE PHONES AND/OR ANY OTHER ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION DEVICES INTO THE EXAMINATION ROOM Materials Supplied	Question and answer book	Instructions	Write your student number in the space provided on the cover of this book	Answer all parts of all questions. Circle correct/most accurate multiple choice responses in this book Questions should be answered in the spaces provided in this book	All written responses must be in English

SECTION A ~ Multiple-choice questions

Instructions Answer all questions on this exam paper or on the answer sheet provided (end of year exam). Tick the correct multiple choice response; in exam ~ place answer sheet inside front cover of this book. One mark will be awarded for a correct response & no marks deducted for an incorrect response. No marks awarded if more than one response is completed for any question.

QUESTION 1.

Which of the following is known as an arousal promotion technique that an athlete could employ when they are feeling a bit flat either prior to or during competition?

A Energising Imagery

B Biofeedback

C Stress-innoculation training

D The Arpro technique

QUESTION 2.

Which of the following conditions would provide the most accurate measure of physical activity intensity using a uniaxial accelerometer?

A While being worn on a trampoline

B While being worn going for a run

C Whilse being worn when cycling

D While going for a swim

QUESTION 3.

Once the lactate threshold is exceeded, the following occurs :

A The LA system becomes the major energy supplier

B The PC system is able to replenish energy stores now that it is not being used and “rested”

C Most ATP resynthesis occurs as a result of anaerobic glycolysis

D An active recovery should commence immediately

QUESTION 4.

Increased myoglobin levels resulting from aerobic conditioning / training assists in:

A Transporting more oxygen around the vascular system

B Preventing the myoglotic stretch reflex (less slow twitch muscle trains)

C Moving more oxygen from cell membranes to the mitochondria

D None of the above

QUESTION 5.

Of the following behavioural change process which would be the most appropriate for someone in the action stage of the stage of change model?

A Enlisting social support

B Increasing their knowledge of the benefits of being active

C Increasing their awareness of the consequences of inactivity

D Identifying opportunities to be active

QUESTION 6.

Coaches might contribute to risks associated with the team they are training by:

A Encouraging players to play with “niggling injuries” for the benefit of the team

B Ensuring first aid kits are available at every training session

C Enlisting the support of non paid qualified staff

D All of the above

QUESTION 7.

Osteitis pubis is an overuse injury that is occurring with greater frequency amongst AFL players. The risk of this side-lining players could be minimised by:

A Periodisation

B Wearing footwear that is appropriate to ground “hardness”

C Increasing player pain thresholds

D None of the above

QUESTION 8.

Caffeine is taken by many athletes in an effort to improve their performance by:

A Increasing the actin-myosin overlap

B Stimulating release of noradrenaline

C Mobilising fat for use instead of glycogen

D Delaying dehydration

QUESTION 9.

Placing Olympic athletes under psychological stress and having them build up to adapt, cope and work effectively under these conditions until they are eventually immune to it can be achieved via:

A Stress-inoculation training

B Biofeedback

C EBR = elevated breathing routine

D Progressive muscle relaxation

QUESTION 10.

The purpose of conducting a games analysis is to:

A Work out the important fitness components

B Consider the interplay of energy systems during the activity

C Decide on how to best prepare / train for the actual game

D All of the above

QUESTION 11.

Steady state occurs when:

A Oxygen consumption reaches a maximum level

B The Cori cycle starts to break down built up lactic acid and convert it to glycogen to be reused

C The heart and lungs have had sufficient time to supply working muscles with oxygen

D Oxygen supply is equal to oxygen demand

QUESTION 12.

The following is an example of a cognitive strategy to bring about change:

A Comprehending personal benefits of being physically active

B Providing rewards for being physically active

C Enlisting social support

D None of the above

QUESTION 13.

Plyometrics are exemplified by the following group of activities:

A Skipping, max push ups in 60 seconds, running on the spot for 30 seconds (max intensity)

B Depth Jumps, clap push-ups, bounding

C 10 x 20 m sprints every 45 seconds followed by 15 x 15m sprints every 30 seconds

D None of the above

QUESTION 14.

The most specific test to assess the agility of a tennis player would be the:

A: Illinois Agility Run

B: Semo Agility Test

C: Harvard Twist Touch Test

D: Margarita Agility Run

QUESTION 15.

“Fartlek” training :

A Can be overloaded by completing the same distance in a slower time

B Is also knows as “playing with speed”

C Requires rest periods to restore PC

D Combines continuous activity with short bursts of intense work at regular intervals

SECTION B ~ Short-answer questions

QUESTION 1.

The Find 30 Everyday is the state-wide physical activity campaign conducted in Western Australia and managed by the National Heart Foundation. The Find 30 Everyday website includes the following tips for assisting people to start and stay active:

Set small and achievable physical activity goals

Be active with others

Make physical activity part of your day

Choose an activity that you enjoy.

a. Describe two aims of mass media as a vehicle to promote physical activity.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

b. Select and explain two of Find 30 Everyday getting started tips shown above that could also be recommended by a general practitioner or personal trainer while counselling an individual to be more active, provide a specific example for each strategy.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 marks

c. Mass media is often used to promote physical activity at a population level and counselling is often used at an individual level. Describe the main difference between individual level and population level strategies for promoting physical activity?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

d. The Find 30 Everyday campaign encourages people to accumulate physical activity in a minimum of 10 minute bouts. Describe one reason why a minimum of 10 minutes is recommended as opposed to a minimum of a 20 minute bout?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Total 10 marks

QUESTION 2.

Name and age	TV min/day	PC & internet min/day (for entertainment)	Moderate to vigorous physical activity min/day
Ben aged 7yrs	100	30	75
Julie aged 15 yrs	125	45	20
Sam aged 12 yrs	90	25	80

Identify which of the young people in the Table met the national physical activity guidelines for the day shown

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 mark

Outline the difference in the physical activity guidelines for 5-12 yr olds and 13-18 yr olds.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 mark

Describe the recommendation for children aged 5-12 yrs in relation to screen-based entertainment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 mark

Julie is in the contemplation stage of motivational readiness; describe two characteristics of someone in the contemplation stage.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Outline two important strategies for Julie to assist her to move towards the next stage of motivational readiness.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Total 7 marks

QUESTION 3.

Baseball catchers have an extremely dangerous role to play and therefore wear an array of protective equipment in training and game play.

a. Describe what could happen to a baseball catcher if they did not wear protective equipment and how this could happen. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Discuss two considerations a baseball catcher would need to think about in relation to their protective equipment prior to each game apart from making sure they have all of their gear.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Identify a policy that could be implemented in competition to reduce players’ risk of heat injury.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 mark

Describe two modifications to junior baseball games to maximise the safety of children.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

How can clubs ensure coaches are adequately prepared to conduct safe and developmentally appropriate activities during training sessions?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Total 9 marks

QUESTION 4.

The following graph depicts the effects of high carbohydrate and low carbohydrate diets on fuel usage during 2 hours of exercise.

a. List a sporting event and specific playing position that competitors would benefit from high carbohydrate diets.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 mark

b. i. By referring to the above graph, which person would be likely to be following a low carbohydrate diet? – Tick the correct response

A	B

ii Briefly discuss why you have made this choice:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

c. i. Which person, A or B, would have the greatest power output in terms of energy production throughout the two hour activity and hence most likely produce greater work / distances? Tick the correct response

A	B

ii. Briefly discuss why you have made this choice:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

d. i. Assuming both athletes “A’ and “B” are placed on a treadmill after following their “high” or “low” carbohydrate diet and they are required to run at a constant speed of 8 km/hr briefly describe the energy system interplay for the first 5 minutes of the activity/

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

ii. Other than fuel depletion, discuss the most likely cause of fatigue for Athlete A

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

iii. Other than fuel depletion, discuss a different likely cause of fatigue for Athlete B

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Total 11 marks

QUESTION 5.

Vichealth’s Walking School Bus Program is running on over 60 local government areas across Victoria, it is a fun way to get children involved in active transport. Some of the objectives of the program included:

Getting children walking, cycling or scootering to school;

Reducing traffic congestion and pollution

Increasing street safety

Assisting in the development of relationships

To teach children they can walk for distances of 1-2km or 20-30 minutes duration, and that this is not too far.

To improve children’s personal fitness and enjoyment of physical activity

Children getting to know neighbouring children/parent and their houses, and these become ‘safe houses’ if when they are needed

Children learn road safety and how to behave on roads

To increase the number of supervised road crossing around some schools.

In conjunction with schools many local councils have adopted policies that are supportive of walking to school, including travel policies in addition to significant alterations to the built environments around schools.

Describe an example of a supportive policy that would assist children walking to school safely.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Explain how VicHealth could critique whether the Walking School Bus Program was effective.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Describe an environmental strategy that could be implemented near schools to enhance the effectiveness of the Walking School Bus Program. (2 marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Total 6 marks

QUESTION 6.

The following graph indicates the plasma bicarbonate levels at rest and continuous graded exercise on a treadmill in an untrained male.

a. At what exercise respiratory equivalent does the subject exceed the lactate inflection point?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 mark

b. What would happen to ventilation when the subject exceeds the lactate inflection point?

Increases	Decreases	Remains Unchanged	1 mark

c. What training intensities need to be applied by the untrained subject in an effort to increase his lactate inflection point after a period of 12-18 months.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 mark

d. It was noticeable that as the test progressed the subject began sweating profusely. His elevated body temperature caused him to slow down but clearly describe how this leads to fatigue at the muscular level.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Total 5 marks

QUESTION 7.

After analysing a game of hockey and determining the fitness requirements of the sport using the latest satellite/IT technology provided by GPSports, Craig Bellamy coach of the Melbourne Storm (rugby), chose a battery of fitness tests to assess his athletes’ levels of fitness in several key components.

Locomotor patterns: the average number of repetitions of each locomotor pattern for Dallas Johnson
Locomotion	Intensity	0–5 m	6–10 m	11–15 m	16+ m	Total	Distance (m)	% total	Average (m)
Walk	Low	112	41	24	4	181	1182	17	6.5
Jog	Med/low	32	40	36	30	138	2024	28	14.6
Shuffle	High	154	46	32	6	238	1204	17	5.1
Sprint	Very high	53	45	75	93	266	2652	38	9.9
Totals	351	172	167	133	7062 m	100%

a.	Why is it important to assess an athlete’s level of fitness before embarking on a training program?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 marks

b.	Fill in the table below with one recognised fitness test that a rubgy player may undertake to get a profile of their performance in each component and state why this is the most appropriate test to rugby.

Component	Fitness test
Muscular Power
Anaerobic Capacity
Agility
Speed

4 marks

c.	Choose one of the tests from part b. and outline the procedure for completing the test.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 marks

Total 9 marks

QUESTION 8.

On Sunday October 30th later this year the “Corporate Tryathlon” will be held again. This is a ‘fun” event that occurs all the way around the St Kilda Pier and Esplanade and teams are made up of 3 members – one who swims 4 km, one who rides 50km and one who runs 20 km. It has had the following number of participants over the previous 10 years:

Year	1999	2004	2008
Participants	1545	3178	6150

a. Three office workers both decided to start training for this event back in February and their training distances for the cycling leg of the “triathlon” in the last twelve weeks appear below:

Longest weekly ride	Other rides	Total weekly distance
Week 1	40km	30&35km	105km
Week 2	45km	30&35km	110km
Week 3	45km	35&40km	120km
Week 4	40km	20,30&40km	130km
Week 5	50km	20,25,30km	125km
Week 6	55km	30&40km	125km
Week 7	60km	15,25&35km	135km
Week 8	50km	40&50km	140km
Week 9	70km	40&50km	160km
Week 10	75km	45&55km	175km
Week 11	75km	45&70km	190km
Week 12	40km	25&30km	95km

i. What frequency is evident from the above training diary?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 mark

ii. Is this frequency adequate to bring about training benefits?

Yes	No	1 mark

iii. If the male worker trains on a static exercise bicycle in his garage and the female actually completes the distances on her road bicycle, which one will be better prepared for the actual Around the Bay in a Day ride?

The male worker/cyclist	The female worker/cyclist

1 mark

c. The cyclist who achieved the better preparation applied which training principle more effectively?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………1 mark

d. Athletes will quite often decrease their training workload in the week(s) leading up to a major event.

What is this strategy known as? ………………………………………………………………… 1 mark

Total 9 marks

QUESTION 9.

The following data was colleted from a school-based physical activity intervention study with grade 3&4 children conducted in NSW. Three schools were observed to form the control group and another three schools formed the experimental group. The experimental group participated in a nine month intervention program that consisted of PE classes that focused on increasing the time students spent engaged in skill development activities and physical activity time (MVPA).

The System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) was also used to assess physical activity levels and lesson context. Rather than observe all students within all grade 3 and 4 classes each lesson a sub-sample of five children from each class from each school were observed during four lessons (2 lessons at baseline- prior to the PE intervention program and 2 lessons post-intervention 9 months later). Children wore a uniaxial accelerometer on their right hip during all physical education lessons where children were observed. Movement counts were converted into total minutes in MVPA and expressed as a proportion (%) of the total lesson time.

NB. The proportion (%) of the lesson spent in MVPA in this figure was calculated separately using accelerometry.

a. Direct observation and accelerometers are examples of objective measures of physical activity. Why do you think the researchers did not use a recall instrument to assess physical activity during physical education classes. Explain your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

b. Outline which dimension/s of physical activity can generally be assessed using direct observation that cannot be measured by accelerometers.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

c. Describe why SOFIT was used pre and post-intervention with a control group and the experimental group.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Describe what happened to the time spent in MVPA as a result of the intervention program.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Refer to Figure 2 and describe the association between physical activity and lesson context.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1 mark

Based of the findings of this research what recommendations would you have for physical education teachers wanting to maximise physical activity during their lessons.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 marks

Total 11 marks

QUESTION 10.

Samuel Kamau Wansiru (KEN) won the gold medal in the men’s marathon at the Beijing Olympic Games whilst Steve Hooker (AUS) won gold in the pole vault final. Both are elite athletes, yet would have undergone very different training and preparation for their events.

Use the following table to briefly outline the similarities and differences you would expect in the weekly training routines of an elite marathon runner compared to an elite triple jumper.

Training consideration	Marathon runner	Pole Vaulter
Most likely training type
Frequency of training
Special dietary needs
Duration of training session
Intensity of training
How overload could be applied

Total 12 marks

QUESTION 11.

Luke has a VO2 max of 65 ml/kg/min and a Heart Rate Maximum of 180 bpm. He completes a test and obtains the following results.

SPEED	VO2 ml/kg/min	% VO2 max	Heart Rate bpm	% Heart Rate Maximum
10 km/hr	32.6	50.1	96	53
11 km/hr	36.2	55.6	102	57
12 km/hr	39.7	61.1	113	63
13 km/hr	44.6	67.7	123	68
14 km/hr	49.2	75.7	132	73
15 km/hr	52.2	80.3	141	78
16 km/hr	57.1	87.8	150	83
18 km/hr	67.0	103%	180	100

Daniel has a VO2 max = 56.5 ml/kg/min and a Heart Rate Maximum of 193 bpm. He completes the same test and obtains the following results.

SPEED	VO2 ml/kg/min	% VO2 max	Heart Rate bpm	% Heart Rate Maximum
10 km/hr	35.6	63.0	115	60
11 km/hr	40.4	71.5	126	65
12 km/hr	45.5	80.5	140	73
13 km/hr	49.5	87.6	152	79
14 km/hr	52.1	93.0	169	87.5
15 km/hr	56.5	100	191	99.0
16 km/hr	N/a	N/a	N/a	N/a

a. Identify which athlete, Luke or Daniel, is the elite triathlete.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....1 mark

b. Using the data provided give three pieces of evidence in support of your answer to part a.

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1 mark

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1 mark

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1 mark

c. Contrast Luke’s and Daniel’s VO2 at 10 km/hr and 15 km/hr. How do you account for the differences?

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

3 marks

d. i. How is it possible for Luke to work above 100% of his VO2 maximum and which system is he likely to have the greatest increase in energy production at this stage?

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

2 marks

ii. At what stage(s) of the treadmill test would both men be likely to experience oxygen deficit?

… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……1 mark

iii. What does EPOC stand for and list three physiological reasons for this phenomenon occurring.

EPOC stands for

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....1 mark

Total 11 marks

QUESTION 12.

Nancy jebet Langat from Kenya won the Women’s 1500m final at the Beijing Olympics in a very close race where she just held off two Ukranian athletes. The results were:

a. Match the graphed response (A,B,C or D) with these expected physiological responses

Langat’s blood lactate concentration	…………..

Langat’s muscle PC concentration	…………..

Langat’s muscle glycogen concentration	…………..	3 marks

What happens to any lactic acid that has accumulated in Langat’s muscles during recovery?

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

2 marks

Total 5 marks

QUESTION 13.

The Beijing Olympic 10,000m gold medalist (K. Bekele – Ethiopia) performs the 20 m shuttle run/ beep test as part of a fitness testing battery. His cardiac output increases eight times whilst the blood flow to working muscles increases sixteen times.

a. Cardiac output is the product of …………………………..and …………………………………..

1 mark

b. From your two responses to (b) above, which parameter contributes most to the increase in cardiac output?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………1 mark

c. After 6 months of training the athlete repeats the test is able to improve on his pre-test result, but only by 5%. Aside from injury/illness and motivation provide a possible explanation why this percentage improvement was not as great as that observed for other fitness components.

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

3 marks

d. Name one type of training method he is likely to have undertaken in an effort to improve his cardiovascular endurance.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 mark

e. During the original test, the athlete was able to reach stage17.4. After 6 months of training the athlete is now able to reach stage 1.8. If we analyzed several parameters at stage 10 following the 6 months of training, tick the correct response :

heart rate will be –	lower higher the same

arteriovenous oxygen difference will be -	lower higher the same

stroke volume will be -	lower higher the same

lactate accumulation will be -	lower higher the same

respiratory rate will be -	lower higher the same

diastolic blood pressure will be -	lower higher the same

6 marks

Total 12 marks

QUESTION 14.

The following table provides information about the percentage contribution of various fuel sources to ATP generation in extended athletics events

Event	PCr	Glycogen Anaerobic	Glycogen Aerobic	Blood glucose (liver glycogen)	Triglycerides (fatty acids)
Marathon	-	-	75	5	20
Ultra-marathon (80km)	-	-	35	5	60
24 hr race	-	-	10	2	88

(McArdle et al. 2005 p154)

Briefly discuss the dietary measures you would recommend a 24 hour competitor to take in order to maximise her performance.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………2 marks

Briefly discuss whether you would recommend “carbohydrate loading” for the 24 hour race and justify your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………2 marks

c. Endurance performers often find themselves completing long training sessions and in some cases “overtrain”

Briefly outline two physiological and two psychological symptoms of overtraining.

Physiological symptoms

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Psychological symptoms

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4 marks

d. Suggest two strategies endurance athletes could take to reduce the likelihood of overtraining.

Strategy 1.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Strategy 2.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2 marks

Total 10 Marks

QUETSION 15.

1999	5.00m
2000	5.20m
2001	5.30m
2002	5.25m
2003	5.45m
2004	5.65m
2005	5.87m
2006	5.96m
2007	5.91m
2008	6.00m

Steve Hooker won the men’s pole vault final at this year’s Olympic Games with a height of 5.96m which broke the old Olympic Record, and he has actually cleared 6.0 m earlier this year. The following progression shows his level of improvement over the last 10 years

a. Briefly discuss how Steve Hooker relies on agility to succeed in the pole vault.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………2 marks

b. As you can see from the	progression table above, Steve’s best result for 2007 was below that of the previous year. This can sometimes occur as a result of overtraining or sometimes a loss in confidence following injury, disappointing results, high arousal, etc.

(i) List two strategies Steve can consider using in an effort to avoid overtraining

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………2 marks

(ii) List two psychological strategies Steve can consider using in an effort to improve his performance during “big” events.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………2 marks

c. Hooker completes 8 repetitions of a 40-metre section of an athletics track in 6 seconds (high intensity whilst carrying a pole), with a 150 second recovery between repetitions.

i. What is the name given to this type of training?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1 mark

ii. What is the predominant energy system being trained whilst undertaking this training? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….............1 mark

iii. Calculate the work:rest ratio being applied.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…1 mark

d. As a result of his training, adaptations would have occurred at the muscular level – specifically to the fast twitch fibres. Complete the following table by inserting the words ~ increased, decreased or unchanged to indicate the likely state following 2-3 years of training.

Characteristic	Fast-twitch
Oxidative enzymes
Glycolytic capacity
Myosin ATPase
Phosphocreatine stores
Triglyceride stores

5 marks
Total 14 marks

QUESTION 16.

Two Australian swimmers produced the following lactate results whilst swimming at the same speeds in an Olympic pool. One of them is a sprint specialist predominantly swimming the 100m freestyle and the other swims mainly in the 1,500m event.

Refer to the graph above and identify which subject (A) or (B) is most likely to be the 100m swimmer?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 mark

b. Give two reasons for your choice in part a.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………2 marks

c. Discuss the different training regimes each swimmer might be involved in by choosing two different training methods and outlining how these would be best suited for each distance they compete in.

Method I

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….…

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….…

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….…

Method II ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….…

4 marks

d. Clearly discuss how coaches being mandated to attend regular (yearly) meetings where they are required to undertake “refresher courses” covering new training findings; injury overviews; management strategies, etc.. is likely to minimise injury risk for swimmer sunder their care.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………3 marks

e. Swim suit manufacturers have been experimenting with new materials and have recently released a new neoprene lycra hybrid swimsuit which is body hugging, costs between $900 and $1200 to produce and can only be used 4 times before it is “stretched” and it’s streamline effects are minimised. Lots of countries are protesting against their acceptance by competition organisers because it is felt they provide swimmers using them with an unfair advantage.

Discuss two ethical reasons why these new “hybrid” swimsuits should not be allowed during competition.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………4 marks

Total 14 marks

QUESTION 17.

Name	Swim (1.5km)	Trans.1	Bike (40km)	Trans.2	Run (10km)	Total Time
Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank
SNOWSILL Emma	19:51	5	20:19 0:28	3 =3	1:24:39 1:04:20	5 15	1:25:10 0:31	5 =9	33:17	1	1:58:27.66
FERNANDES Vanessa	19:53	9	20:22 0:29	9 =11	1:24:40 1:04:18	6 =13	1:25:13 0:33	12 =21	34:21	2	1:59:34.63

Emma Snowsill won the women’s triathlon despite being ranked 5th after the swim and bike leg of the race. She made up lots of time during the final10 km run and ended up winning comfortably by over 1 minute.

At a muscular and cardiovascular level, choose a chronic training adaptation that would occur to Emma after years of aerobic training. Clearly outline how these adaptations would contribute to her world beating Triathlon performance.

Chronic Training Adaptation	Brief description of contribution to improved aerobic performance in the triathlon
Muscular
Cardiovascular

4 marks

b. During the bike part of the race, are there any stages where phosphocreatine might be partially replenished? Briefly discuss.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....……….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..

2 marks

c. Fernandez was close to Snowsill for the entire race but faded/ fatigued in the last couple of kilometres and ended up winning the Silver medal.

(i) Clearly discuss the effect dehydration has on the cardiovascular system to bring about decreased performance levels / fatigue.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....……….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..

2 marks

(ii) It is thought that Snowsill has a higher maximal lactate steady state(MLSS) compared to Fernandez and this is closely related to LIP. Clearly discuss how this would be an advantage to Snowsill, especially during the later stages of the race where she gradually increased her pace in an effort to “burn off” Fernandez.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....……..….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..

2 marks

Total 10 marks

End of Paper

Answers

Multiple Choice

QUESTION 1. A

QUESTION 2. B

QUESTION 3. C

QUESTION 4. C

QUESTION 5. A

QUESTION 6. D

QUESTION 7. B

QUESTION 8. C

QUESTION 9. A

QUESTION 10. D

QUESTION 11. D

QUESTION 12. A

QUESTION 13. B

QUESTION 14. A

QUESTION 15. D

SECTION B ~ Short-answer questions

QUESTION 1.

Any two of the following:

To increase public awareness of physical activity as a public health issue.

To provide information about the health benefits associated with regular physical activity.

To provide information about other non-health benefits of being active such as an increased social network.

To provide information about the consequences of inactivity

To increase public interest in physical activity participation and raising awareness of community-based program

To motivate individuals to take action towards physical activity participation. ( 2 marks)

b. Set small and achievable physical activity goals

Individuals are more likely to achieve success if they write down their goals. Goals should be specific and realistic to ensure they are achievable. Short-term goals should be small and progressively move an individual towards meeting or maintaining the physical activity guidelines. Goals can be incorporated within contracting during the counselling process.

Be active with others

Individuals should be encouraged to enlist social support by organising someone to be active with them. Having someone such as a friend, family member or partner to be active great increases their chances of being active regularly.

Make physical activity part of your day

To develop health activity habits individuals need to identify opportunities to be active. Parking further away from the shops or from work or a train station is an example of making an everyday activity part of their daily routine.

Choose an activity that you enjoy

A personal trainer should tailor physical activity programs to the individual’s needs and interests. Individuals are more likely to adhere to a program that is based on activities they enjoy. (4 marks)

c. Individual-level strategies are designed to be used to increase or maintain physical activity on individuals they might be used by a personal trainer for example. In contrast population-level strategies are designed to reach hundreds or people at a time, for example a television commercial might reach thousands of people each time it is screened.(2 marks)

d. A 10 minute bout is considered more achievable that a 20 minute boat. Ten minutes is considered the minimum amount of time activity needs to be sustained for to achieve health benefits. (2 marks)

QUESTION 2.

Sam ( 1 mark)

It is recommended children accumulate up to several hours of moderate to vigorous-intensity physical activity, up to several hours is not incorporated within the adolescent guideline. ( 1 mark)

Any two of the following:

Individuals acknowledge they need to be more active

Although they are not quite ready they are weighing up pros and cons to being more active

They intend to become more active within the next six months (1 mark)

It is recommended children should not spend more than 2 hours a day using electronic media for entertainment (eg computer games, Internet, TV), particularly during daylight hours. (2 marks)

Any two of the following:

Julie could read about the consequences of inactivity in terms of her personal health and how her inactivity may affect others around her.

Julie needs to have an increased awareness of opportunities for her to be active

Julie needs an increased awareness of several benefits to being active such as improved physical and mental health and improved social connectedness.(2 marks)

QUESTION 3.

A baseball catcher could be badly bruised or knocked over by impact with either a baseball, bat or runner. (2 marks)

The baseball catcher needs to ensure their equipment is fitted and worn correctly. The catch would also need to inspect the state of each item of equipment to ensure it is in a safe condition. Loose stitching or broken straps for example would mean the equipment may not be used. (2 marks)

A heat rule can be implemented so when a certain temperature is reach the game is cancelled or paused. (1 mark)

Here are some example responses:

Modified equipment such as softer rubber balls may be used instead of a hard leather ball.

Rules may be modified to ensure a runner cannot collide with a first baseman by using a safety base

A rule can be introduced to ensure a pitch count is used for example each pitcher has a maximum number of pitchers than can be thrown (2 marks)

Clubs can check coaches have appropriate coaching qualifications that are current. Clubs could also encourage coaches to attend regular coach education courses to ensure they are up to date with the latest training methods and activities within a particular sport. (2 marks)

QUESTION 4.

The following graph depicts the effects of high carbohydrate and low carbohydrate diets on fuel usage during 2 hours of exercise.

a. Total body carbohydrate stores are limited, and are often less than the carbohydrate requirements of sports training and competition. However, the availability of carbohydrate as an energy source for muscles is a critical factor in the performance of both high-intensity intermittent work and prolonged aerobic exercise. Answers must state a sport /position that involves high intensity short/intermediate intervals or that lasts longer than 90 minutes and can include any of the following:

Sports such as cycling (road racing such as tour de France); Athletics – 5000m + up to marathon; Swimming – 1,500m or longer endurance events; long distance triathlon; cross country skiing; Football – rover; Soccer – midfielder; Hockey – midfielder; Netball – centre; Basketball – guard; etc.. would benefit from a high carbohydrate diet.

b. i. B

ii At each point during the 2 hour exercise session B has higher levels of blood free fatty acids indicating that blood glucose levels are also low and low glycogen stores exist to be drawn upon. It is also likely that this condition would see greater contribution from proteins to resynthesise ATP than in athletes with a high carbohydrate diet.

c. i. A

ii. “B” is relying primarily on fats to resynthesise ATP due to a low carbohydrate regime and hence would have a slower rate of aerobic energy release than “A” who can resynthesie ATP quicker from carbohydrates still present in the body.

d. i. The energy system interplay for the first 5 minutes of the activity will be identical for both athletes because access to fuels will be similar. Availability of fuel is critical when considering which system will provide the majority of ATP during activity. As the athletes start most of the ATP is provided by the ATP-PC system, with less coming from the LA system and the smallest amount from the aerobic system. Because they are not working at maximal / high intensity the Pc will be the predominant system for 10 – 15 seconds and at the same time the LA will be increasing it’s ATP contribution and the aerobic system becoming more and more included as heart rate, respiratory rate, circulation all increase to supply more oxygen to working muscles. At approximately the 2-3 minute mark the aerobic system takes over as the main ATP producer compared to ATP being produced by the two anaerobic energy systems.

ii. Students need to understand the effect of fuel depletion, dehydration and build up of metabolic by-products as fatiguing factors. Cannot use fuel depletion in this answer so most likely cause would be dehydration or elevated body temperature

iii. Athlete B would be most likely to accumulate H+ ions or inorganic phosphates as they would have higher oxygen costs due to having less carbohydrates to draw upon as a fuel source to resynthesise ATP.

QUESTION 5.

Traffic calming policies such as speed restrictions (40km zones) or one way rules within streets surrounding the school. Schools could have a policy that students must used designated crossings to cross the road. (2 marks)

VicHealth could assess the number of children actively commuting to school before the walking school bus program and after the program has been implemented for a year within a particular area. A comparison could then be made to determine if this proportion has increased since the intervention program was introduced. (2 marks)

Changes to the built environment such as traffic calming speed humps or road narrowing or signage emphasizing reduced speed limits can provide a safer environment for the walking school bus program to be conducted within. (2 marks)

QUESTION 6.

a. 1.0 Litre/minute

b. Increases

c. Training intensities at or slightly above LIP need to be applied by the untrained subject in an effort to increase his lactate inflection point

d. During dehydration plasma levels drop markedly and this leads to increased blood pressure and heart rate which decreases oxygen amounts being made available to working muscles. Additionally, blood flow will increasingly be redistributed to the skin’s surface in an effort to assist rapid cooling and this will also lead to less oxygen being made available to working muscles. This may actually cause the muscles to enter anaerobic working conditions and thus accumulation of H+ will also contribute to fatigue at the muscular level.

QUESTION 7.

a.	Pre-testing required to:

Determine player strengths and weaknesses

Provide a benchmark against which future performances /developments can be measures/compared

Determine an athlete’s ability to perform certain tasks

Motivate players to improve their performances

b.	Tests must be highly appropriate test to rugby.

Component	Fitness test
Muscular Power	Vertical Jump / Basketball Put / Repco Peak Power Test
Anaerobic Capacity	Running based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) Phosphate recovery test
Agility	Illinois Agility Test
Speed	20-40 m sprint test

c.	The procedure for completing the test must be sufficiently detailed for anyone to reproduce the test and might even include diagrams, distances and additional explanations.

QUESTION 8.

On Sunday October 30th later this year the “Corporate Tryathlon” will be held again. This is a ‘fun” event that occurs all the way around the St Kilda Pier and Esplanade and teams are made up of 3 members – one who swims 4 km, one who rides 50km and one who runs 20 km. It has had the following number of participants over the previous 10 years:

Year	1999	2004	2008
Participants	1545	3178	6150

a. Three office workers both decided to start training for this event back in February and their training distances for the cycling leg of the “triathlon” in the last twelve weeks appear below:

Longest weekly ride	Other rides	Total weekly distance
Week 1	40km	30&35km	105km
Week 2	45km	30&35km	110km
Week 3	45km	35&40km	120km
Week 4	40km	20,30&40km	130km
Week 5	50km	20,25,30km	125km
Week 6	55km	30&40km	125km
Week 7	60km	15,25&35km	135km
Week 8	50km	40&50km	140km
Week 9	70km	40&50km	160km
Week 10	75km	45&55km	175km
Week 11	75km	45&70km	190km
Week 12	40km	25&30km	95km

i. 3 times/week

ii. Yes, but because the activity offers reduced weight bearing continuous activity it could be undertaken 4/5 times per week and still allow sufficient recovery.

iii. The female worker/cyclist

c. Specificity

d. Tapering or exercise taper

QUESTION 9.

Researchers within this study would not have been able to use self report because children under the age of 10 are not capable of accurately recalling their behaviour. (2 marks)

Physical activity intensity, type, duration, frequency can all be measured. Activity context could also be assessed. (2 marks)

By assessing physical activity pre and post intervention a comparison of change over time can be made. To determine whether the intervention group had a larger change over time that what would have occurred anyway requires a comparison to be made to a group that was not exposed to the intervention program. (2 marks)

MVPA amongst the intervention group displayed a significantly great increase in minuted per day than those in the control group post intervention. (2 marks)

MVPA is higher during the skill and fitness contexts of the lesson, MVPA is lower during game and management contexts. (1 mark)

QUESTION 10.

Training consideration	Marathon runner	Pole Vaulter
Most likely training type	Continuous	Short Interval or Resistance
Frequency of training	5+ times/week	3-4 times/week
Special dietary needs	High carbohydrate prior to long sessions	High protein to allow for rapid rebuild of muscles, enzymes, etc..
Duration of training session	90+ mins	30- 40 mins
Intensity of training	80-85% max heart rate	Maximal
How overload could be applied	Increasing distance/duration of sessions	Increasing repetitions by 1

QUESTION 11.

a. Luke is the elite triathlete.

b. Luke has a higher VO2 max; lower heart rate at each treadmill speed and able to exceed 100% VO2 max. compared to Daniel

c. Luke has a VO2 of 32.6 and 52.2 at 10 km/hr and 15 km/hr whilst Daniel’s VO2 at similar stages is 35.6 and 56.5 ml/kg/min. Because they are running at similar speeds at each stage Luke is actually using less oxygen than Daniel to maintain the treadmill speed. This indicates his oxygen demand is lower at each of these stages because he is able to supply more oxygen than Daniel per breath/beat.

d. i. How is it possible for Luke to work above 100% of his VO2 maximum when he is working anaerobically and predominantly using his LA energy system.

ii. 18 km/hr

EPOC stands for excess post exercise oxygen consumption

QUESTION 12.

a.

Langat’s blood lactate concentration	A

Langat’s muscle PC concentration	D

Langat’s muscle glycogen concentration	C

b.

During recovery, in the presence of oxygen Lactic Acid is firstly broken down to pyruvic acid and then broken down to H2O + CO2 and a small amount is resynthesized into glycogen at the liver. A small amount is excreted as sweat and urine.

QUESTION 13.

The Beijing Olympic 10,000m gold medalist (K. Bekele – Ethiopia) performs the 20 m shuttle run/ beep test as part of a fitness testing battery. His cardiac output increases eight times whilst the blood flow to working muscles increases sixteen times.

a. Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate

b. Heart rate - Stroke volume may only increase by 1-2% but heart rate may increase by up to 300% => heart rate

c. Athlete is a 10,000 m runner so has right fibre disposition. The law of diminishing returns states that the closer a person is to the peak, the slower the rate of improvement/development. The training focus may not have been on the aerobic energy system. It may take longer for the athlete to see noticeable gains in the aerobic energy system/VO2 max.

d. Continuous or Fartlek (long Interval is least likely to be undertaken but a possibility)

e. heart rate will be – lower

arteriovenous oxygen difference will be - lower

stroke volume will be - higher

lactic acid accumulation will be - lower

respiratory rate will be - lower

diastolic blood pressure will be - lower or the same

QUESTION 14.

The 24 hour competitor should consider the following dietary practices to improve her performance:

Be fully hydrated before the event; regularly replace lost body fluids and electrolytes via sports drinks high in CHO (>8g/100ml) throughout the race; carbohydrate load prior 5 – 7 days prior to the event, consume low GI foods in the 4 hours leading up to the 24 hour race to ensure a slow and sustained release of energy throughout the race.

b. CHO loading would be highly recommended because glycogen and glucose would be the main fuels used throughout this event.

c. Two physiological and two psychological symptoms of overtraining.

Physiological symptoms – ongoing soreness; heavy muscles; aches and pains; increased rate of injury; decreased immune system and increased illnesses; loss of appetite; delayed recovery times; elevated resting heart rate; excessive sweating; swelling of lymth nodes; menstral irregularities;

Psychological symptoms – moodiness; increased irritability and anxiety; depression; loss of competitive drive; lack of motivation; reduced concentration; apathy; feeling tired; drained or lacking energy; impatience; inability to relax; altered sleep patterns; reduced confidence

d. Athletes could reduce the likelihood of overtraining by : maintaining a training log; correctly applying the principles of training; training within specified safety guidelines; ensuring optimal hydration exists; taking scheduled breaks during training; not training whilst injured; reporting to coaching staff when “things don’t feel right”; allowing sufficient recovery & rest in between training sessions; regularly conducting fitness tests to monitor training outcomes/effects.

QUESTION 15.

a. Steve Hooker relies on agility to succeed in the pole vault by being able to manoeuvre his body through various rapid and accurate body positional changes during the flight part of the skill. His body is moving horizontally and then rapidly moved vertically as he pushes of with the pole. His legs are thrust upwards and after clearing the pole he must push with his arms to ensure the bar is not touched and his body moves back to the mat under the forces of gravity.

b. As you can see from the	progression table above, Steve’s best result for 2007 was below that of the previous year. This can sometimes occur as a result of overtraining or sometimes a loss in confidence following injury, disappointing results, high arousal, etc.

(i) Athletes could reduce the likelihood of overtraining by : maintaining a training log; correctly applying the principles of training; training within specified safety guidelines; ensuring optimal hydration exists; taking scheduled breaks during training; not training whilst injured; reporting to coaching staff when “things don’t feel right”; allowing sufficient recovery & rest in between training sessions; regularly conducting fitness tests to monitor training outcomes/effects.

(ii) Two psychological strategies Steve can consider using in an effort to improve his performance during “big” events could be drawn from : progressive muscle relaxation; breath control; stress inoculation training; elevated breathing rate; positive self-talk; energising imagery; visualisation/mental imagery; improved concentration via cue words or over learning skills during training.

c. Hooker completes 8 repetitions of a 40-metre section of an athletics track in 6 seconds (high intensity whilst carrying a pole), with a 150 second recovery between repetitions.

i. Short interval

ii. The ATP-PC system

iii. 40m would take 4-5 seconds to sprint so W:R = 5 : 150 = 1: 30

d.

Characteristic	Fast-twitch
Oxidative enzymes	Unchanged
Glycolytic capacity	Increased
Myosin ATPase	Increased
Phosphocreatine stores	Increased stores
Triglyceride stores	Unchanged

QUESTION 16.

Two Australian swimmers produced the following lactate results whilst swimming at the same speeds in an Olympic pool. One of them is a sprint specialist predominantly swimming the 100m freestyle and the other swims mainly in the 1,500m event.

a. Subject B

b. Subject A has higher LIP as a result of aerobic conditioning which would not be undertaken by a sprinter; Subject B accumulates blood lactate at faster rates than A indicating more glycolytic enzymes which would be found in 100m swimmers in larger quantities than endurance performers.

c. Discuss the different training regimes each swimmer might be involved in by choosing two different training methods and outlining how these would be best suited for each distance they compete in.

Method I – 100m swimmer = Intermediate interval primarily focussing on LA system; resistance training focussing on power = 50% RM with rapid contractions

Method II – 1,500m swimmer = Continuous or Fartlek training primarily focussing on the aerobic system whilst regularly calling upon the LA =system to co-incide with increased efforts during the swim; resistance training focussing on LME = 50% RM with rapid contractions conducted until fatigue or with high repetitions (20+)

d. Coaches being mandated to attend regular (yearly) professional development meetings are likely to minimise injury risk for swimmer sunder their care by: ensuring contemporary/latest findings are applied to coaching methods; keeping up to date with any risk factors associated with coaching of swimming; learning about latest safety rules/regulations; sharing experiences with other professionals, etc.

e. Two ethical reasons why these new “hybrid” swimsuits should not be allowed during competition could be drawn from :

Unequal access to the suits due to high costs = uneven playing field; they provide additional buoyancy = unfair advantage; it’s the suit and not the swimmer who is contributing to the performance; previous records set without the input from these suits.

QUESTION 17.

At a muscular and cardiovascular level, choose a chronic training adaptation that would occur to Emma after years of aerobic training. Clearly outline how these adaptations would contribute to her world beating Triathlon performance.

Chronic Training Adaptation
Muscular – slow twitch Increased oxidative enzymes = more rapid production of aerobic ATP Increased triclyderide stores = more glycogen sparing More myoglobin = greater transport of oxygen from blood to myofibrils More mitochondria = more aerobic production of ATP and at a faster rate too
Cardiovascular –heart, blood vessels and blood Larger stroke volume = more blood pumped per beat which also contributes to increased Q (cardiac output) More blood & red blood cells = greater oxygen carrying capacity and faster removal of wastes Increased capillarisation = more oxygen delivery and waste removal Increased plasma levels – delayed effects of dehydration

b. Only during the downhill sections where she is not pedalling and “resting” would PC be replenished or during the small amounts of “rest” during transition from swim to bike and bike to run.

c.

(i) Dehydration causes significant decreases in blood plasma levels which in turn increases blood viscosity /thickness and means the heart needs to pump harder. This decreases available oxygen to working muscles as well as potentially tripping the athlete over the LIP.

(ii) Having a higher maximal lactate steady state(MLSS) would be an advantage to Snowsill, allows any accumulated H+ ions to be broken down and removed from muscles sites and oxygen supply is sufficient to deal with accumulated H+ ions. It is likely that at the same stage her opponents would be starting to “feel the effects of H+ ions” and start to have their contractions compromised / reduced as a result.